Essential elements of work as subject to copyright protection. Some remarks 20 years after the adoption of the Act on Copyright and Related Rights in Poland

W artykule przedstawiono nowe spojrzenie na centralny i najpoważniejszy problem, przed którym stoi dziś prawo autorskie, a jest nim stwierdzanie istnienia koniecznych cech utworu. Na tle krótkiej charakterystyki przedmiotu ochrony prawa autorskiego oraz koncepcji doktrynalnych i orzeczeń sądowych dotykających kwestii istnienia cechy „twórczości o indywidualnym charakterze”, zwrócono uwagę na bezsilność nauki i praktyki w zakresie definiowania przedmiotu ochrony prawa autorskiego. W artykule zaakcentowano potrzebę poszerzania perspektywy badawczej o dorobek innych nauk, w tym nie tylko takich, jak filozofia i psychologia, ale także o zdobycze rozwijającej się ostatnio dynamicznie nowej dyscypliny, jaką jest neuroestetyka. Artykuł w założeniu ma stanowić głos w dyskusji i punkt wyjścia do dalszych studiów nad tematem w kontekście poszukiwania rozwiązań problemu ustalania tzw. granicznego poziomu twórczości.This article focuses on the process of establishing and determining the essential elements of work as subject to copyright protection. This issue is considered as the most crucial challenge faced by the present day copyright law. When it comes to determining the creativity and individual character of a copyrightable work, an examination of judicial decisions and the theoretical analysis of the term ‘work’ only highlights the powerlessness of science and practice. The existing multitude of definitions of the object of copyright protection, especially relating to so called borderline cases, may be eliminated only after profound scientific research.The article emphasizes the potential benefits of expanding the research perspective by taking into account various fields of scientific study, including neuroaesthetics, and seeks to contribute to the discussion on the issue described above as well as to further research on the subject

Could an Artificial Intelligence be a Ghostwriter?

25-37Advanced technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, have beenpushing nowadays societies toward new ethical and legal challenges, including copyright law dilemmas.The contemporarydevelopment of innovativemachinesand cognitive technologies raisesthe need to rethink basic concepts such as ownership and accountability.In light of the rules of copyright law, this paper argues that innovative algorithms, such as GPT-3 (an autoregressive language model developed by Open AI to produce human-like text via deep learning), could be considered a modern form of ghostwriting brought forward by the Third Industrial Revolution, as defined by Jeremy Rifkin. The phenomenon of ghostwriting has beennotorioussinceantiquity.Althoughghostwritingis also quitepervasive today, neither national nor international legal systems have yet fully regulated it. Based on the assumption that AI systems operate likeghostwriters in terms of their creativity, this paperasks whether AI’s creationshould be subject to copyright regulations soon, and if so, to what extent

Could an Artificial Intelligence be a Ghostwriter?

Advanced technologies, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, have been pushing nowadays societies toward new ethical and legal challenges, including copyright law dilemmas.The contemporary development of innovative machines and cognitive technologies raises the need to rethink basic concepts such as ownership and accountability.In light of the rules of copyright law, this paper argues that innovative algorithms, such as GPT-3 (an autoregressive language model developed by Open AI to produce human-like text via deep learning), could be considered a modern form of ghostwriting brought forward by the Third Industrial Revolution, as defined by Jeremy Rifkin. The phenomenon of ghostwriting has been notorious sinceantiquity. Although ghost writing is also today, neither national nor international legal systems have yet fully regulated it. Based on the assumption that AI systems operate like ghost writers in terms of their creativity, this paper asks whether AI’s creation should be subject to copyright regulations soon, and if so, to what extent

Prawa własności intelektualnej jako składniki majątków małżonków w świetle art. 33 pkt 9 k.r.o.

The reason for considering the issue of Intellectual Property Rights as elements of spouses’ property is the ongoing technological revolution, as a result of which ownership and the structure of production factors are changing, and intellectual assets are gaining in importance. The paper first presents terminological issues related to the concepts of ‘Intellectual Property’, ‘intangible goods’ and ‘Intellectual Property Law’. Having clarified these issues, the basic construction assumptions of the Legal Marital Property Regime are discussed in the context of the allocation of Intellectual Property Rights, which is established by the Family and Guardianship Code. The final comments present an assessment of the applicable provisions of the Family and Guardianship Code which pertain to Intellectual Property Rights.Motywem podjęcia rozważań na ten temat praw własności intelektualnej jako składników majątków małżonków jest dokonujący się przewrót technologiczny, w wyniku którego zmienia się własność i struktura czynników produkcji a aktywa intelektualne zyskująi będą zyskiwać na znaczeniu. W artykule przedstawiono w pierwszej kolejności kwestie terminologiczne związane z pojęciami „własność intelektualna”, „dobra niematerialne” i „prawo własności intelektualnej”. Dopiero po wyjaśnieniu tego zagadnienia omówiono podstawowe założenia konstrukcyjne majątkowych ustrojów małżeńskich i wynikające z nich zasady przyporządkowywania praw własności intelektualnej, które ustanawia Kodeks rodzinny i opiekuńczy. W uwagach końcowych zaprezentowano ocenę obowiązujących przepisów Kodeksu rodzinnego i opiekuńczego, które dotyczą prawa własności intelektualnej

Classification supporting COVID-19 diagnostics based on patient survey data

Distinguishing COVID-19 from other flu-like illnesses can be difficult due to ambiguous symptoms and still an initial experience of doctors. Whereas, it is crucial to filter out those sick patients who do not need to be tested for SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially in the event of the overwhelming increase in disease. As a part of the presented research, logistic regression and XGBoost classifiers, that allow for effective screening of patients for COVID-19, were generated. Each of the methods was tuned to achieve an assumed acceptable threshold of negative predictive values during classification. Additionally, an explanation of the obtained classification models was presented. The explanation enables the users to understand what was the basis of the decision made by the model. The obtained classification models provided the basis for the DECODE service (decode.polsl.pl), which can serve as support in screening patients with COVID-19 disease. Moreover, the data set constituting the basis for the analyses performed is made available to the research community. This data set consisting of more than 3,000 examples is based on questionnaires collected at a hospital in Poland.Comment: 39 pages, 5 figure

Common low complexity regions for SARS-CoV-2 and human proteomes as potential multidirectional risk factor in vaccine development

Background The rapid spread of the COVID-19 demands immediate response from the scientific communities. Appropriate countermeasures mean thoughtful and educated choice of viral targets (epitopes). There are several articles that discuss such choices in the SARS-CoV-2 proteome, other focus on phylogenetic traits and history of the Coronaviridae genome/proteome. However none consider viral protein low complexity regions (LCRs). Recently we created the first methods that are able to compare such fragments. Results We show that five low complexity regions (LCRs) in three proteins (nsp3, S and N) encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 genome are highly similar to regions from human proteome. As many as 21 predicted T-cell epitopes and 27 predicted B-cell epitopes overlap with the five SARS-CoV-2 LCRs similar to human proteins. Interestingly, replication proteins encoded in the central part of viral RNA are devoid of LCRs. Conclusions Similarity of SARS-CoV-2 LCRs to human proteins may have implications on the ability of the virus to counteract immune defenses. The vaccine targeted LCRs may potentially be ineffective or alternatively lead to autoimmune diseases development. These findings are crucial to the process of selection of new epitopes for drugs or vaccines which should omit such regions

Prawo zobowiązań : materiały dydaktyczne

Do Czytelników "Oddawane w ręce Czytelników materiały dydaktyczne przygotowane zostały z myślą o studentach prawa. Prawo cywilne jest bowiem przedmiotem, którego opanowanie sprawia im zazwyczaj sporo trudności. Często programy studiów przeznaczają na nie więcej godzin zajęć dydaktycznych aniżeli na inne ważne przedmioty. Wynika to po części z obszerności materiału normatywnego, orzecznictwa i literatury, a po części z miejsca, jakie prawo cywilne, a zwłaszcza jego część ogólna i prawo zobowiązań, zajmują w kształceniu prawników. Skłania to do podejmowania starań zmierzających do ułatwienia studentom przygotowania się do wykładów i ćwiczeń oraz zaliczeń i egzaminów. Na rynku znajduje się obecnie sporo publikacji, z których można korzystać, w tym kilka dobrych, mających szereg wydań podręczników oraz komentarze do kodeksów. Jednakże, jak pokazuje doświadczenie, nie wszyscy studenci sięgają po nie dostatecznie chętnie. Niektórych odstrasza sama ich objętość. Zespół pracowników Katedry Prawa Cywilnego Krakowskiej Akademii im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego przystąpił więc do przygotowania programu z tego przedmiotu i wypróbował go w ciągu paru lat."(...

Exacerbation of neonatal hemolysis and impaired renal iron handling in heme oxygenase 1-deficient mice

In most mammals, neonatal intravascular hemolysis is a benign and moderate disorder that usually does not lead to anemia. During the neonatal period, kidneys play a key role in detoxification and recirculation of iron species released from red blood cells (RBC) and filtered out by glomeruli to the primary urine. Activity of heme oxygenase 1 (HO1), a heme-degrading enzyme localized in epithelial cells of proximal tubules, seems to be of critical importance for both processes. We show that, in HO1 knockout mouse newborns, hemolysis was prolonged despite a transient state and exacerbated, which led to temporal deterioration of RBC status. In neonates lacking HO1, functioning of renal molecular machinery responsible for iron reabsorption from the primary urine (megalin/cubilin complex) and its transfer to the blood (ferroportin) was either shifted in time or impaired, respectively. Those abnormalities resulted in iron loss from the body (excreted in urine) and in iron retention in the renal epithelium. We postulate that, as a consequence of these abnormalities, a tight systemic iron balance of HO1 knockout neonates may be temporarily affected

The need for standardisation in life science research - an approach to excellence and trust

Today, academic researchers benefit from the changes driven by digital technologies and the enormous growth of knowledge and data, on globalisation, enlargement of the scientific community, and the linkage between different scientific communities and the society. To fully benefit from this development, however, information needs to be shared openly and transparently. Digitalisation plays a major role here because it permeates all areas of business, science and society and is one of the key drivers for innovation and international cooperation. To address the resulting opportunities, the EU promotes the development and use of collaborative ways to produce and share knowledge and data as early as possible in the research process, but also to appropriately secure results with the European strategy for Open Science (OS). It is now widely recognised that making research results more accessible to all societal actors contributes to more effective and efficient science; it also serves as a boost for innovation in the public and private sectors. However for research data to be findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable the use of standards is essential. At the metadata level, considerable efforts in standardisation have already been made (e.g. Data Management Plan and FAIR Principle etc.), whereas in context with the raw data these fundamental efforts are still fragmented and in some cases completely missing. The CHARME consortium, funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Agency, has identified needs and gaps in the field of standardisation in the life sciences and also discussed potential hurdles for implementation of standards in current practice. Here, the authors suggest four measures in response to current challenges to ensure a high quality of life science research data and their re-usability for research and innovation